Heat-transferring apparatus



Apr. 1'7, 11923.. 3,4533% 0. FIELD HEAT TRANSFERR I NG APPARATUSOriginal Filed May 16. 1921 3 Sheets-Sheet l Apr. 11?, W23. 11,45L9Q3 c.FIELD HEAT 'IRANSFERRING APPARATUS Original Filed May 16, 1921 sSheets-Sheet 2 K NVENTOR A TTOHNE Y Apr. 17, 1923. 1151 113 C. FIELDHEAT TRANSFERR I NG APPARATUS Original Filed May 16, 1921 5 Sheets-ShetHVVENTOR 16 peditious and o thereon and cause the apparatus. each ofPatented Apr. l7, 1923c NWFD STATES CROSBY FIELD, OF YONKERS,

NEW YORK, ASSIGN'OR '10 CHEMIUAL MACHINERY COEJPQ- RATION, OF NEW YORK,It. Y., A CORPORATION OF NEW YORK.

HEAT-TRANSFERRING APPARATUS.

Application filed May 16, 1921, Serial No.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that l, Cnosnr FIELD, a citizen of the United States, andresident of the city of Yonkers, county of Westchester, and

5 State of New York, have invented certain new and useful Improvementsin Heat- Transferring Apparatus, of which the following is aspecification.

This invention relates to certain improveto ments in heat transferringapparatus and generically considered contemplates the provision ofsimple and effective means for solidifying liquid or semiliquidmaterials and recovering the solid deposits in an exinexpensive mannerand practically without'loss.

More particularly, the present invention is primarily concerned with theproduction of flake or mush ice in large quantities for 20 use incarrying out various chemical operations, though I do not wish to beunderstood as limiting the utility of the present improvement to theproduction of ice, since it might also be advantageously emfployed forthe recovery of solid materials rom gases or other agents in which thesolids might be carried in suspension.

In accomplishing my purpose the improved apparatus may be briefly herereferred to as consisting. in the provision of a flexible heat transferelement with one side of which the fluid heat transfer medium is incontact whereby the fluid in immediate contact with the opposite side ofsaid element is converted into a solid. the said element constituting acollector for the solid material. together with mechanical means forflexing or warping the heat transfer element to thereby fracture thecoating of solid same to readily flake off from the surface of saidelement so that it can be conveniently collected.

In the accompanying drawings I have illustrated several alternativeforms of the which embodies in its structure th fundamental principlejust referred to. It will be understood. however, that the drawingsshould be considered only as illustrative of certain practical embodibments of the invention and notes, in any wav. implying limitationsthereof.

eferring to these drawings Figure 1 is a longitudinal sectional viewlish 469,797. Renewed December a0, 19%;

of one embodiment of the apparatus wherein there is employed a hollowcylindrical heat transfer element which receives the refrigcratingagent.

Figure 2 is a fragmentary sectional view showing a slightly modifiedmeans for estabing a flexible connection between the ends of therotatable heat transfer cylinder and the heads thereof.

igure 3 is a similar view showing another alternative form of thisflexible connection.

Figure 4 is a fragmentary sectional view of another embodiment of theapparatus illustrating a slightly difi'erent construction of the heattransfer cylinder.

Figure 5 is a sectional view taken on the line 55 of Figure 4.

Figure 6 is a section taken on the line 6-6 of Figure 1, showing onemeans which may be provided for collecting and'removingl the flake icefrom the water containing tan Figure 7 is a other alternativeconstruction.

Figure 8 is a detail sectional view taken on the line 88 of Figure 7.

Figure 9 is a sectional view illustrating an auxiliary means which maybe employed to facilitate the complete detachment of the fractured icefilm from the surface of the flexible cylinder.

Figure 10 is a semidiagrammatic view illustrating another type ofapparatus by means of which the present invention may be carried out.

In Figure 11 l have disclosed an alternative form of the apparatuswherein, in lieu of the rotating cylinder, a flexible plate is employedas the heat transferring element.

Figure 12 is a diagrammatic view showing an alternative arrangement ofthe construction illustrated in Figure 11.

Figure 13 is a plan view of one of the sections of the apparatus shownin Figure 11.

Figure 14.- is a transverse section taken on the line 14-14 of Figure13, and

Figure 15 is a. sectional view showing a slightlv different embodimentof the apparatus illustrated in Figure 11.

detail sectional view of anembodiment of the cylinder till Referring indetail to the drawings and more particularly to Figure 1 thereof, 5necessarily completely cover the cylinder 14, designates a tank, theexterior of which is but if desired, in practice, this cylinder needcovered with a suitable non-heat conductonly be partly submerged in thefluid. In ing lagging, said tank having a removable cases where thesolid to be recovered is top or cover (3. This tank is mounted uponheavier than the fluid, the fluid is admitted a suitable supporting base7 which is proto the tank 5 through the opening 29, which vided on itsopposite ends with vertically is at a higher elevation than the opening27. disposed frame standards 8. In these stand- Also when only partialsubmersion of the ards the ends of a fixed shaft 9 are suit-ablycylinder is desired the excess fluid may be mounted. drawn off throughthis opening. 76 Cylinder heads 10, arranged within the o the oppositeend walls of the tank 5 tank 5. are freely rotatable upon the fixed atthe fluid level 28 suitably supporting shaft 9. each of said cylinderheads being tracks 30 are arranged for the endless conprovided with acentral hub or extension veyor ShOWIl at 31 in Figure 6. 11 which isdisposed through the stuffing To each of the hub extensions 11 of thebox 12 in one end wall of the tank. cylinder heads 10 a cog gear 32 isfixed Each cylinder head 10 has an annular With one of these gears,adrive pinion 33 flange 12 provided with a continuous annuon one end ofthe shaft 34 is engaged, said lar recess or chamber 13 to receive oneend shaft having a belt wheel 35 on its other of the flexible metalcylinder wall 14. Each end to receive a belt driven from a motor or endof this cylinder wall is yieldingly held other suitable source of power.The gears for longitudinal movement between inner 32 also mesh with thepinions 36 on the ends and outer annular glands 15. The chamber of ashaft 37 which is journaled in suitable 13 receives a suitable packingmaterial bearings provided on the exterior of the which affords a watertight connection betank 5. Thus, an even driving force is aptween thecylinder ends and the heads 10 plied to each of the cylinder heads. inthe while permitting of the movement of the bottom of the tank 5 a screwconveyor 38 is cylinder ends in said chambers. The exarranged and whenthe solid materials are terior of each of the cylinder heads isprefheavier than the fluid being treated, this erably covered with asuitable insulating conveyor is operated to discharge the solid material16. material through the outlet indicated at 39. The fixed shaft 9 isprovided with an axis When not being used any one of the openallyextending passage 17 to which brine or ings Q7, 29 or 39 may be closedby suitable other suitable heat transfer agent is supplied means, notshown, so that there will be no through the pipe 18 from a convenientinterference with the proper functioning of source. The inner end ofthis passage terthe other openings. minates adjacent to one end of thecylinder In the operation of the apparatus as above and the shaft isformed with a radially exdescribed, assuming that it is desired toprotending tubular arm 19, constituting a conduce flake or mush ice, thewater is admitted tinuation of saidpassage and through which to the tank5 through the opening 27. Brine the refrigerant is distributed withinthe roor other. refrigerating agent is supplied to tating cylinder. Thefixed shaft 9 is further the cylinder 14: and said cylinder iscontinuprovided with a second axially extending ously rotated while acontinuous circulation pasage 20 and a plurality of openings 21 of thebrine is maintained through said cvlafford communications between thispassage inder and the passages of the shaft 9. BY and the interior ofthe cylinder 14. Thus, keeping the brine in immediate contact with therefrigerating agent may find a free outthe inner surface of the flexiblecylinder let through said openings and the passage wall, heat will betransferred to said wall 20 from which it is conducted by the pipe fromthe water which is in immediate conor conduit 22 and returned to thesource of tact with the outer surface thereof so that supply. the wateris caused to congeal and freeze Within the cylinder 14, spaced bracketsthereon, forming a coating of ice, of greater 23 having oppositelyextending radial arms or less thickness determined by the speed of aresecured. Rollers 24: are mounted at their rotation of the cylinder. Therollers 24 are ends in bearings 25 and these bearings are spaced apartso that the distance between 12 radially adjustable upon the bracketarms their outer peripheral portions is slightly in by means of screws26. Thus, the rollers 24 excess of the normal internal diameter of maybe adjusted to exert any desired presthe cylinder 14:. Thus. as thecylinder wall sure against the interior of the cylinder passes over eachof these rollers, the said wall 14. wall will beflexed. The cylinderends are 12 The fluid to be treated is admitted to the relieved of unduestrain and possible breaktank 5 through the openin indicated at 27, ageby the provision of the glands 15. \Vith the normal level of such fluidbeing indieach flexure of the cylinder wall, the ice film "cated by thebroken 1ine'28. However, it IS which has formed thereon is fractured. orin to be understood that the fluid need not other words, said film isbroken up into a arcos multiplicity of comparatively small sections ofirregular parallelogrammatic configurations. The crevices thus producedin the film of ice permits the water to freely enter, which facilitatesthe destruction of the adhesive force tending to retain the pieces ofice upon the metal surface of the cylinder. Thus, these small ice flakesare immediately detached from the surface of the cylinder and float tothe surface of the water in'the tank. The ice film is then immediatelyreformed on the surface of the metal cylinder and this action of flakingoff the ice film and the reformation thereof goes on continuously. Theice flakes which collect upon the surface of the water are removed fromthe tank by the conveyor 31.

When gases or other fluids are operated upon and the recoverable solidsrecovered by the transfer of heat are of greater specific gravity thanthe fluid medium they will settle to the bottom of the tank. In suchcases the solid materials are removed by the screw conveyor 38 while thegas passes off through the flue 40 in the top or cover of the tank 5. Insuch case it will be understood that the opening in the tank wall forthe conveyor 31 is closed.

It is,hof course, essential that the packing means 15 shall exertsufficient frictional pressure against the cylinder wall 14 so as toprevent theescape of the brine therefrom or the entrance of the fluid tothe interior of said cylinder, though without impairing the desiredflexibility of the connection of the cylinder ends to the heads 15.

In Figure 2 of the drawings I have illustrated a slightly modified formof this packing means for the cylinder ends wherein a continuousinflatable tube 41 is seated in a channel 42 formed in the inner face ofthe flange 12 of the cylinder head. In this case, the flange is notgrooved or chambered to receive the end of the cylinder, as in theconstruction seen in Figure 1, but the cylinder end fits within the tube41. The inflating nipple or valve 43 for this tube extends radiallythrough the flange of the cylinder end and is adapted to be connected bysuitable tubing to a pump or other source of air under pressure.

Upon the fixed shaft 9 a radially disposed arm 44 is secured in the-endof which the roller 45 is mounted, said roller bearing against the innersurface of the cylinder Wall at a point in line with the point ofcontact of the tube 41 against the outer surface of said wall. It willbe understood that if desired a greater number of rollers 45 may beemployed. By means of this construction, it Wlll be apparent that whenthe tube 3 is inflated an absolutely tight connection is secured betweenthe cylinder end and the rotating head so thatthe two parts will retateas a unit. At the same time, however,

which are.

the inflating tube will permit of a relatively free angular flexingmovement of the cylinder wall with relation to the cylinder head.

In Figure 3 I have illustrated still another form of this packing meansfor the cylinder end, wherein the inflatable tube 41' sarranged in anannular groove 42' formed in the periphery of the rotatable heat at oneend thereof WlllCll is disposed within the end of the cylinder. Thistube 41 when inflated exerts a strong outward pressure against the lnnersurface of the cylinder wall, which pressure is opposed by one or morerollers 45 engaged upon the exterior of the cylinder Wall and mounted inthe lower ends of the rods 46 which are loosely movable through openingsin the top wall of the caslng aild have weights 47 on their upper ends.Both of these constructions last described are very effective inpractical use. However, many other alternatives for the flexlble packingbetween the ends of the flexible cylinder and the rotating heads mightbe adopted.

In Figures 4 and 5 I have shown another alternative form of theinvention wherein the wall of the rotating cylinder 14 is contracted atits ends as shown at 48 to provide closures, said contracted ends of thecylinder being extended longitudinally along the fixed shaft or conduit9 from which the refrigerant is admitted to the interior of the cylinderand connected to the rotatable s eeve 49 which is mounted in thestufling box 50 in the end wall of the tank or casing. If desired, thecontracted ends 48 of the flexible cylinder may be corrugated in orderto afford greater flexibility. Adjacent to each end of the cylinder, anannulus or gasket 51 of solid rubber or other material may be arrangedthereon or on the other hand this gasket inflatable tube 52. Upon theupper side of this gasket, the roller 54 mounted in the yoke 55 isengaged. This yoke is pivotally supported upon a rod 56 and is providedwith may be in the form of an an arm 57 on Which an adjustable weight 58r is engaged. By properly adjusting this weight along the arm 57, theroller 54 may be caused to exert the desired pressure upon the flexiblegasket and through this gasket,

the wall of the cylinder 14 will in turn be flexed so as to fracture theice film which has formed upon the exterior surface thereof.

In Figures 7 and 8 of the drawings I have T disclosed another embodimentof the inven tion wherein the cylinder head is arranged within the endof the cylinder and is provided upon its periphery with the twoinflatable tubes or gaskets 59. Between these inflatable tubes and thewall of the cylinder a sheet of flexible packing material 60 isinterposed, said packing material being exv tended upon'the inner sideof the cylinder head and, secured thereto as at 61. From" nae thisarrangement it will be understood that when the tubes 59 are inflatedthrough the medium of the tube connections 62 the sheet of packingmaterial 60 is forced outwardly into tight contact with the innersurface of the cylinder wall, thereby producing a fluid ti rht packingor seal, while at the same time affording an extensive flexible contactsurface with which the cylinder wall is engaged. In this embodiment ofthe invention for the purpose of flexing the cylinder wall, I employ oneor more pairs of rollers (33 engaged with the inner surface of said walland mounted upon an arm 64 which is fulcrumed intermediate of its endsas at 65 upon a support 66 mounted on the central shaft extendingthrough the cylinder. 1

. coil spring 67 is connected to one end of this arm, and said spring isattached to the adjustable bolt or screw 68 whereby the tension may beproperly regulated to cause the desired degree of pressure of therollers 63 against the-cylinder wall.

In Figure 9 of the drawings, I have illustrated an auxiliary means forfacilitating the complete separation or detachment of the fractured icefilm from the wall of the cylinder. This means includes a pump indicatedat G9having a direct connection 70 with the bottom of the tank. T0 thepump outlet a pipe or tube 71 is connected and extends upwardly into thetank, said pipe having nozzles 72 which directs jets of water underpressure against the surface of the cylinder, preferably at a pointabove its axial center. It will be understood, of course, that asuitableheader provided with any desired part of the nozzle 72 may be connectedto the upper end of the pipe 71. so that a series of jets will beprojected against the fractured ice film. These jets of water enteringthe'crevices in the film of ice exert a comparatively great force, itbeing understood that the jets are delivered in a direction opposite tothe direction of rotation of the cylinder. These water jets in additionto the natural action of the water in the tank or casing will etfect theimmediate release or displacement of the small fragments of ice from theperiphery of the cylinder upon the cracking of the ice film so that newice will form thereon.

In Figure 10 of the drawings, I have illustrated another form of theinvention wherein the use. of a tank or container for the water or otherfluid is dispensed with and the water is delivered by means of pump orother source of water under pressure indicated at 73 from a spray nozzle7 4 which delivers the water in the form of a fine spray against therotating cylinder 7 5. This cylinder has a flexible wall, as abovereferred to, and one or more flexing rollers 76 or their equivalentmeans is arranged within said cylinder at the desired point. Assumingthat the cylinder is filled with the refrigerant circulatingtherethrough, the water spray immediately upon striking the peripheralsurface of the cylinder wall congeals into ice. thus producing upon thesurface of the cylinder a multiplicity of small ice cakes or pieceswhich are slightly separated from each other. It will be understood thatthe freezing action is practically instantaneous and there is noopportunity for the water to run or flow on the surface of the cylinderwall so that the drops of spray will unite with each other. When thecylinder passes over the roller 76, the wall thereof is flexed and bysuch flexing'action the separate minute particles of ice become detachedfrom the wall of the cylinder. A suitable shield 77 is provided whichprevents the detached ice particles being thrown into the water sprayand by which the ice particles are directed to a suitable conveyor 78.

In Figure 11 of the drawing lustrated another type of apparatusconsisting of a plurality of similar units. In this case a series ofvertically spaced boxes or compartments T9 are mounted between suitablestandards or supports 80. Each of these boxes is provided with a topwall in the form of a flexible plate 81, having longitudinal sideflanges, and said boxes are arranged at an inclination between thesupporting standards and in parallel relation to each other. a

The brine or other refrigerating agent is supplied to the upper ends ofthe inclined boxes through the pipe 82 having branches 83 each of whichis provided with a valve 84 whereby the supply of the refrigerant tosaid boxes may be independentlv controlled. The refrigerating agent isreturned to the source of supply through the pipe 85, also havingbranches connected to the lower ends of the respective boxes andprovided with the valves indicated at 86.

Below the series of boxes 79 a water tank or reservoir 87 is arrangedand is fed through the pipe 88. the float valve 89 maintaining aconstant water level in said tank. A pump 90 of any suitable type forcesthe water under pressure from said tank through the pipe 91, said pipehaving transversely disposed spray pipes 92 connected therewith andrespectively disposed over the flexible platesSl adjacent their upperends. The water is delivered from these pipes 92 in a plurality of jetsand evently distributed over the surfaces of the flexible plates.

Various mechanical devices might be provided for the purpose of flexingthe plates 81, but as herein shown. I preferably provide for thispurpose a shaft 93 extending longitudinally between the top and bottomwalls of each box 79 and journaled in suitable bearings at the endsthereof. Upon this shaft spaced eccentrics 94 are fixed, each of 1 havea;

oppositely extending arms 96. A fixed foraminated or tid said eccentricsoperating a yoke 95 having ar 97 extendslongitudinally above the bottomwall of the box and links 98, 99 are respectively connected bar and theflexible plate 81. The other ends of these links are connected to thearms 96, it being understood that there are two pairs of the linksassociated with each eccentric and arranged upon opposite sides of theshaft 93. The upper end of each shaft 93 has a beveled gear 100 fixedthereto and meshing with a similar gear 101 driven from any suitablesource of power. By means of this arrangement, it will be understoodfrom reference to Figure 14, that in the-operation of the eccentrics 94the links 98,99 on opposite sides of the shaft 93 are alternatelyexpanded and collapsed so that the metal plate 81 at one side of itstransverse center is projected upwardly while at thereof the plate isulled downwardly, thus impartin an undu ating flexing movement to said pate.

At the lower end of each of the flexible plates 81, a trough 102 isarranged in which a screw conveyor 103 is operatively mounted. Thebottom portions of these troughs are constructed of Wire mesh or otherreticulated material so that water may freely drain therethrough andeach trough is provided with a longitudinally extending dischargechannel 104 for the water. Between the lower ends of the two boxes orcompartments 79 a water deflecting plate 105 is arranged so as toprevent any Water which may escape the upper trough 102 from, enteringthe lower trough.

Tn the operation of this form of the apparatus a continuous circulationof the brine or other refrigerant through the boxes or compartments ismaintained, and a volume of water is delivered from the pipes 92 uponthe upper surface of the plates 81. The heat is transferred from thewater through these plates to the brine so that the water freezes in theform of a thin film of ice. The flexingi mechanism for said plates isoperated at a predetermined speed in accordance with the desiredthickness of the ice film and a waving or undulating movement isimparted to these plates so that the ice film is fractured intorelatively small fragments and freed from adhesion to said plates. Theice fragments will gravitate downwardly upon the inclined plates andinto the troughs 102, from which it is carried by the conveyors 103 anddischarged into suitable hoppers. Each of the boxes or compartments withthe ice receiving and 'oonveymg means and flexing mechanism constitutesa separate unit and the apparatus may consist of any desired multiple ofsuch units as the necessities of the partic case may require.

at one of their ends to said.

the other sidemodification of If desired an insulating cover or casinghaving an outlet 10 for such vapors as may be produced in the materials.

In Figure 12 T have illustrated an alternatwo form of the apparatus lastdescribed, wherein both the top and bottom walls of the boxes orcompartments 79' are in the form of flexible plates. The top wall of onebox is connected to the bottom wall of the next box in the series bymeans of a plurality of rigid standards 108, the refrigerant is admittedunder pressure alternately to the adjacent boxes or compartments throughthe supply pipes 109 and is carried off through the outlet pipes 110,each of said pipes having branches connected to the alternate boxes orcompartments in the series. These supply and outlet pipes are equippedwith valves 111, 112 respectively, which are suitably connected forautomatic operation so that when the valve in one of the inlet (pipes isclosed the valve in the correspon ing outlet pipe is opened and viceversa. The pressure of the refrigerant upon the flexible walls of theboxes 79 to Which the refrigerant is being admitted ex pands said wallsand the opposite walls of the remaining boxes of the series are forcedinwardly through the medium of the connected standards 108, it 'beingunderstood that the supply of refrigerant to the latter boxes has beencut off and the outlet-connections are open. Thus, in this constructionit will be seen that the flexing of the walls of the boxes orcompartments occurs automatically and it is not necessaly to pro vide amechanical flexing means. The means for delivering the Water upon theupper walls of the boxes or compartments. and the ice collecting meansis the same as I have above described in connection with the apparatusshown in Figure 11. Preferably, the flexible wall or walls of each ofthe boxes or compartments is corrugated at its opposite ends asindicated at 113 so as to permit of the free flexing movement of saidwall without liability of breakage or rupture thereof.

In Figure 15 I have illustrated a further this type of apparatus whereina plurality of rollers 114 are supported at their ends in the tracks orguide ways 115 and have rolling contact upon the flexible upper wall ofthe refrigerant receiving box or compartment as shown at 79. Theserollers are reciprocated through the medium of a bar 116 moving insuitable guides 117, said bar being actuated y a crank arm 118 which isconnected to a belt driven wheel or pulley 119. The pressure of therefrigerant in the box or compartment 79 tends to expand the flexibletop wall thereof, such expansion being resisted by drying of variouscasing: may provided for theapparatus, said a heat transfer medium thespaced rollers 114 so that the flexible wall assume a wavy or undulatingshape. \Va-ter is supplied to the upper surface of this flexible metalplate or wall as previously described, said plate serving as a means forthe transference of heat from the water to the refrigerant. The water isthus frozen and converted into ice and. cracked or fractured into smallfragments by the flexing of said wall. Anyconvenient means similar tothose hereinbefore referred to may be employed for removing this crackedice so that the process of ice formation and removal of the desiredthickness may go on continuously.

From the foregoing description, considered in connection with theaccompany drawings, the construction and manner of operation of theseveral embodiments of the invention herein referred to will be readilyunderstood. It is manifest, however, that the end in view might beaccomplished by other alternative forms of this apparatus and that itmay also be advantageously employed for recovering solids from gasesand.

the drying of various materials, although I have referred to theapparatus as being primarily designed for the production of flake ormush ice. It is, therefore, to be understood that- I do not desire to belimited to the exact embodiments herein described or to the precise formand construction of the detail parts thereof, but reserve the privilegeof adopting all such legitimate changes as may be fairly embodied in thespirit and scope of the invention as claimed.

I claim:

, 1. In a heat transference apparatus, a tank adapted to contain afluid, a cylinder rotatably mounted in said tank in contact with thefluid therein, means for circulating through said cylinder to therebyconvert the fluid in contact with the cylinder wall into solid form,said cylinder wall constituting a collector of the solid deposit, andmeans within the cylinder for imparting an undulating movement to-thewall thereof to break up the solid deposit on the outer surface of saidwall and thereby facilitate its easy removal.

2. In a heat transference apparatus, a lexible heat transfer element,means for supplying a fluid to be converted into solid lgorm to one sideof said element, means for supplying a temperature controlling mediumfor contact with the opposite side of said element and means operativelyengaged with the latter side of the flexible element to flex the sameand fracture the film of solid material collecting thereon to cause saidmaterial to scale off or to separate from the flexible heat transferelement.

3. In a heat transference apparatus, a chamber through which the heattransfer medium is adapted to be circulated, said chamber having aflexible wall, means for supplying a fluid to be converted into solidform against the outer side of the chamber wall, said wall constitutinga collector of the solidified material and means within the chamber forflexing said wall to fracture the film of material thereon and cause thesame to {lIake or scale off from the surface of said a 4. In a heattransference apparatus, a tank adapted to receive a fluid to be converted into solid form, a cylinder rotatably mounted within said tank,means for circulating a temperature controlling medium through saidcylinder, said cylinder having a flexible wall constituting means forthe transference of heat between said medium and the fluid in contactwith the outer surface of said wall, whereby such fluid is convertedinto solid form, and relatively stationary means for flexing saidcylinder wall to fracture the film of material thereon and cause thesame to scale off from the surface of said wall.

5. In a heat transference apparatus, a tank adapted to receive a fluidto be converted into solid form, a cylinder rotatably mounted withinsaid tank, means for circulating a temperature; controlling mediumthrough said cylinder, said cylinder having a flexible wall constitutingmeans for the transference of heat between said medium and .the fluid incontact with the outer surface of said wall, whereby such fluid isconverted into solid form, and relatively stationary means mountedwithin the cylinder and co-acting with the wall thereof to flex saidwall and cause the film of solid material to scale off from the surfaceof the wall.

6. In a heat transference apparatus, a. tank adapted to receive a fluidto be converted into solid form, a cylinder rotatably mounted in saidtank and having spaced heads, a cylindrical wall and means aflording ayielding connection between the ends of said cylindrical Wall and theheads, means for circulating a temperature controlling medium throughsaid cylinder in contact with the inner surface of said wall, said wallconstituting means for the transference of CROSBY FIELD.

